Abuso sexual infantil y su retorno en la adultez: reflexiones desde un caso clínico / Abús sexual infantil i el retorn a l’adultesa: reflexions des d’un cas clínic / Childhood sexual abuse and its return in adulthood: reflections from a clinical case

La clínica con adultosabusados sexualmente en la infancia es una línea de investigación muy abordada en estudios sobre el abusosexual infantil. El presente trabajo es un estudio descriptivo de caso único con el objetivo de analizar el materialclínico de una paciente de veinticinco años que sufrió abuso intrafamiliar en la infancia. Este material se extraede entrevistas de un proceso psicoterapéutico. En primer lugar, se realiza la descripción del caso clínico y lue-go se articula con análisis teórico psicoanalítico. Se profundiza en: desubjetivación, traumatismo, mecanismosdefensivos y desamparo, acomodación, síntomas, elaboración terapéutica y contexto patriarcal. Por último, sereflexiona sobre el ideal de familia como dadora incondicional de cuidado y se plantea al abuso sexual infantilcomo síntoma social, siendo una compleja problemática que requiere de abordajes interdisciplinarios.(AU)

The clinic with sexually abu-sed adults in childhood is a line of research that has been widely addressed in studies on child sexual abuse. Thepresent work is a descriptive single case study with the aim of analyzing the clinical material of a twenty-five yearold patient who suffered intrafamilial abuse in childhood. This material is extracted from interviews of a psychothe-rapeutic process. First, a description of the clinical case is made and then it is articulated with psychoanalytictheoretical analysis. It is deepened in: desubjectivation, traumatism, defensive mechanisms and helplessness, ac-commodation, symptoms, therapeutic elaboration and patriarchal context. Finally, we reflect on the ideal of thefamily as an unconditional giver of care and consider child sexual abuse as a social symptom, a complex problemthat requires interdisciplinary approaches.(AU)

La clínica amb adults abusats sexual-ment a la infància és una línia de recerca molt abordada en estudis sobre l'abús sexual infantil. Aquest treball ésun estudi descriptiu de cas únic amb l'objectiu d'analitzar el material clínic d'una pacient de vint-i-cinc anys queva patir abús intrafamiliar a la infància. Aquest material s’extreu d’entrevistes d’un procés psicoterapèutic. Enprimer lloc, es fa la descripció del cas clínic i després s’articula amb anàlisi teòrica psicoanalítica. S'aprofundeixen: desubjectivació, traumatisme, mecanismes defensius i desemparament, acomodació, símptomes, elaboracióterapèutica i context patriarcal. Finalment, es reflexiona sobre l’ideal de família com a donadora incondicionalde cura i es planteja l’abús sexual infantil com a símptoma social, cosa que és una problemàtica complexa querequereix abordatges interdisciplinaris.(AU)

Desarrollo psicomotor en la infancia temprana y funcionalidad familiar / Psychomotor development in early childhood and family functionality

Resumen Se investigó el desarrollo psicomotor temprano y si existían diferencias significativas en las diversas áreas de este desarrollo según la funcionalidad familiar (cohesión y adaptabilidad familiar) desde la percepción materna. Se trabajó con un diseño no experimental de alcance descriptivo. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 32 diadas madre- hijo de entre 12 y 27 meses de edad. Se administró el Instrumento de Observación del Desarrollo Infantil (IODI), la Prueba Nacional de Pesquisa (PRUNAPE) y FACES III. Se encontraron diversas diferencias significativas entre tipo de cohesión-adaptabilidad familiar y áreas de la PRUNAPE (p<.05) y del IODI (p<.05). Se observó un desarrollo infantil temprano más favorable en las áreas personal social, lenguaje y socioemocional, en aquellas familias conectadas y flexibles.

Abstract The early psychomotor development was investigated and whether there were significant differences in the various areas of this development according to the maternal perception of family functionality (family cohesion and adaptability). A non-experimental descriptive design was carried out. The sample was comprised of 32 mothers with their children between 12 and 27 months old. Data was collected regarding The Child Development Observation Instrument (IODI), The National Research Test (PRUNAPE) and FACES III. Significant differences between cohesion and adaptability types and areas of development from PRUNAPE (p <.05) and IODI (p <.05) were observed. A more favorable early childhood psychomotor development was observed in the personal social area, as well as in A more favorable early the language and socioemotional area, in those families connected and flexible.

Desarrollo en las infancias institucionalizadas y en familias de acogida temporal: Una revisión bibliográfica / Development in institutionalized infants and temporary shelter families: A bibliographic review

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo fue realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre el desarrollo de los niños y niñas bajo cuidados alternativos institucionales y de familias de acogida temporal. Se realizó en diversas bases de datos científicas: Science Direct, SciELO, Redalyc, PubMed, DialNet y Google Académico, utilizando las siguientes palabras claves: "desarrollo infantil", "familias de acogida temporal", "institucionalización", "child development", "temporary family foster care", "residential care". Fueron seleccionados 58 artículos, publicados en revistas científicas de los últimos 17 años (período 2000-2017). Se incluye una síntesis de sus resultados organizando a la misma en dos apartados: en el primero se hace referencia a las condiciones de vida en el ámbito institucional y al desarrollo infantil en dichas condiciones, y en el segundo, a los programas de familia de acogida temporal y al desarrollo tras la inclusión en estos programas. Se destacan los aspectos que restan profundizar.

Abstract In different parts of the world, family is considered the main responsible for ensuring children the full enjoyment of their rights; also, family is recognized as the central core for children's development. Even so, in exceptional situations, children need to be separated from their biological family. In those cases, alternative care is required. This study investigates two different types of alternative care: institutional care and family foster care. The aim of this paper is to review the existing literature on child development of children in those types of alternative care. The review was done through different scientific data base: Science Direct, SciELO, Redalyc, PubMed, DialNet y Academic Google, and using the following key words: "desarrollo infantile", "familias de acogida temporal", "institucionalización", "child development", "temporary family foster care", "residential care". With reference to the studies about temporary family foster care, the ones considered were those that made reference to family systems that took temporary care of a child until their judicial situation was solved. These were external families that have no bonds with the child. Those studies in which the families were pre-adoptive ones were not considered. Fifty-eight articles, published in the last seventeen years (from 2000 to 2017), were chosen. From this total, nineteen correspond to systematic revisions, four are reports from children organizations, while the remaining thirty-five correspond to empiric studies. The results of this paper are organized in two different sections: the first one makes reference to the conditions of life at an institution and the child development under these conditions, whereas the second one makes reference to temporary family foster care programs and the child development after the inclusion in these programs. As regards the first section, it is concluded that the institutional care shows the lack of an exclusive and stable affect figure, being the children exposed to unstable rotating caregivers with consistent bond disruption. These caregivers are described as unavailable to the children with minimal emotional and physical contact. Furthermore, the caregivers show lack of empathy and little responsiveness to child's individual needs resulting in chronic emotional deprivation. At the same time, the above mentioned is closely related to the delays or difficulties that the development of these institutionalized children show in different areas: cognitive, intellectual, academic, socio-affective, emotional, physical-motor, cerebral and neurological. In the second section of the paper, the results of the studies on children development in temporary family foster care are described and the countries where evidence on these programs was found are presented. They show that there are significant and beneficial physical, emotional, socio-affective, behavioral, cognitive and intellectual changes in the development of institutionalized children after they enter temporary family foster care. Moreover, the development of children living in alternative care differs significantly from the one of those living with family foster care. The results also specify the characteristics that a temporary family foster care must have in order to facilitate the child's development. It is concluded that children in institutional care show delays and maladaptation in various domains of development. Besides, the longer the child is institutionalized, the more his behavior is affected. The authors believe that these institutions are not the right places to raise children during a long period of time and they propose the need to prioritize temporary family foster care. The results underline the importance of family foster care programs as an alternative that could improve children´s development. Nevertheless, institutional care is still the predominant alternative worldwide for children without parental care. Finally, this systematic review aims to be a starting point for future research. The aspects that need to be deepen are highlighted.

Satisfacción y motivación de la cirugía estética en mujeres y su relación con los esquemas desadaptativos tempranos / Satisfaction and motivation of cosmetic surgery in women and the relation with early maladaptive schemas

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue investigar los Esquemas Desadaptativos Tempranos (EDT) en mujeres con cirugías estéticas, e indagar si existían relaciones con: satisfacción, motivación hacia nuevas cirugías y variables relacionadas a la intervención quirúrgica. Se trabajó con una muestra de 67 mujeres de entre 18 y 40 años con al menos una cirugía, administrando el Cuestionario Esquemas Desadaptativos Tempranos de Young y una encuesta Ad Hoc. Como resultado el es quema Estándares Inflexibles se encontró en más del 50 % y se encontraron correlaciones significativas con las variables analizadas: motivación, satisfacción y variables quirúrgicas con EDT (cantidad, edad y antigüedad). Se discuten los resultados en función de la influencia entre los EDT y las intervenciones quirúrgicas estéticas.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the Early Maladaptative Schemas (EMS) in women who have undergone cosmetic surgeries (CS) and to research if there was a relation to the satis faction with the CS, the motivation to undergo more surgeries and the variables related to cos metic surgery. A non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive correctional study was carried out. The deliberately selected sample was comprised of 67 women between 18 and 40 years old who had undergone, at least, one cosmetic surgery. Data was collected from the responses to Jeffrey Young's questionnaire entitled Early Maladaptive Schemas and an ad hoc survey. As a result, from the investigation, it was observed that the schema of Unrelenting Standards was found in more than 50 % of the sample, and meaningful correlations with the analyzed variables were found: motivation, satisfaction and surgical variables with EMS (quantity, age and age of the first one). The results are discussed in relation to the influence among the EMS and the cosmetic surgeries.